Introduction

As we step into 2025, Dr. Theresa Tam, Canada's chief public health officer, is raising alarms about two pressing health threats: the H5N1 bird flu and the resurgence of measles, both requiring urgent public attention and awareness.

H5N1 Bird Flu Threat

The H5N1 strain of bird flu, which recently recorded its first human case in Canada—a teenager in British Columbia who was severely ill in November—has sparked significant concern. This highly pathogenic virus, primarily carried by wild birds, has devastated poultry farms across Canada and infected livestock in neighboring U.S. states.

Dr. Tam emphasizes the broad spectrum of clinical outcomes associated with H5N1, which can range from asymptomatic cases to severe illness. While the immediate risk to the public remains low, recent events underscore the need for vigilance. In 2024 alone, the U.S. documented at least 65 confirmed cases, predominantly among farm workers, with the majority presenting mild symptoms such as conjunctivitis. Yet, a recent severe case involving a person over 65 in Louisiana—a backyard poultry owner—has heightened concerns about the potential for human-to-human transmission.

Dr. Tam advocates for educational outreach about biosecurity measures, not only for commercial farms but also for backyard bird enthusiasts. Proper protective equipment and practices are critical to minimize risks associated with this deadly virus. She advises anyone who encounters sick or dead birds to handle them cautiously and consult local health services for guidance.

Resurgence of Measles

Simultaneously, measles—a disease that had been eliminated in Canada over two decades ago—has re-emerged as a significant threat, with nearly 170 cases reported in 2024, compared to just 59 in the previous year. This alarming resurgence, particularly linked to a large outbreak in New Brunswick that has spread throughout the country, highlights the need for renewed efforts in vaccination and public health education. Tragically, one child under five years old died in Ontario this year due to measles, marking a somber reminder of the disease's severity—something health officials thought was long behind Canada.

With the efficacy of measles vaccines having kept the disease at bay for years, many parents may underestimate its dangers. Dr. Tam warns, "Measles is highly contagious and will find its way to the unvaccinated." The outbreak has significantly impacted various communities, especially among those who have yet to receive vaccinations.

Other Vaccine-Preventable Illnesses

The resurgence of whooping cough, another vaccine-preventable illness, adds to the growing list of public health concerns. The disruption of routine childhood immunizations during the COVID-19 pandemic is a significant factor in this revival. Though measures have been put in place for catch-up vaccination programs, coverage has not returned to pre-pandemic levels.

Current COVID-19 Landscape

As COVID-19 continues to evolve, Dr. Tam reassures the public that while flu activity is increasing and another COVID-19 surge is possible this winter, the current trends do not indicate a repeat of the "tripledemic" scenario witnessed in previous years. Nonetheless, those aged 65 and older or with chronic health conditions remain vulnerable to serious illness.

Conclusion

In this critical time, Dr. Tam urges Canadians to prioritize their health and safety by adhering to preventive measures such as handwashing, mask-wearing, and staying home when sick. Vaccination remains a vital line of defense against not just COVID-19, but the continuing threats posed by avian influenza, measles, and whooping cough.

With these emerging health challenges, active public awareness and engagement are crucial to safeguard the health of the nation in 2025 and beyond.