Introduction

In a troubling trend that has now spread from coast to coast, states across the continental US are reporting new hotspots of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), a highly contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disorder that affects members of the cervid family, including deer, elk, moose, and reindeer.

The Spread of CWD

Described by scientists as a “slow-motion disaster in the making,” CWD first emerged quietly in the wild, with cases identified in Colorado and Wyoming back in 1981. Today, the disease has escalated alarmingly, affecting wild and domestic herds in 36 states as well as parts of Canada, Scandinavia, and even South Korea. Notably, this disease has no known vaccine or treatment, raising severe concerns among experts.

Public Perception and Media Portrayals

Media portrayals often label CWD as “zombie deer disease” due to its alarming symptoms, which include dramatic weight loss, drooling, disorientation, and an unusual lack of fear of human presence. However, this sensational moniker has drawn criticism from scientists who argue it trivializes the serious implications of this public health crisis. Epidemiologist Michael Osterholm warns, “It leaves readers with the false impression that this is nothing more than some strange fictional menace. CWD is a deathly serious public and wildlife health issue.”

Experts Warn of Human Health Impacts

Five years ago, Osterholm warned the Minnesota legislature about the potential spillover of CWD from infected game to humans consuming venison. Despite skepticism at the time, public perception is shifting as concerns grow over the potential human health impacts of the disease. A recent report published in January 2025 by a panel of 67 experts highlights the potential for a catastrophic national and global crisis should CWD spread to humans. The report underscores the alarming lack of preparedness in the US to handle such an eventuality.

Risks of Transmission and Environmental Impact

Although no documented cases of human infection exist yet, the risk continues to rise. Like BSE (mad cow disease), CWD may have long incubation periods involving asymptomatic carriers. Moreover, prions—misfolded proteins responsible for CWD—are notoriously resilient and can persist in the environment for years, leading to potential contagions for animals that inhabit contaminated areas.

Concerns from Hunting Practices

The movement of venison across state lines raises additional concerns of environmental contamination. Monitoring the situation is imperative, as CWD spreads not just among wildlife but could potentially disrupt the food supply, agricultural practices, and even trade on a global scale.

Public Awareness and Compliance Challenges

Many hunters unknowingly consume contaminated meat, particularly those who share their harvest with friends and family. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advises against eating game suspected to be infected with CWD, yet compliance with testing recommendations remains a significant challenge.

Impact on Wildlife Populations

Experts warn that states with a tradition of big game hunting are facing an increased risk, with surveys indicating that around 20% of US residents have hunted deer or elk, and over 60% have consumed venison. The potential consequences of an outbreak extend beyond public health risk; the impact on wildlife populations could be devastating.

Case Study: Wisconsin's Deer Population

In Wisconsin, a recent study tracking 1,000 white-tailed deer revealed that infected animals die faster than they can reproduce, raising alarming concerns about the future viability of deer populations. There is no indication that any animals possess immunity against CWD, heightening fears that a lack of diversity could lead to population collapse.

Resistance to Change and Policy Implications

Despite the evidence, resistance to change persists. For instance, Wyoming has drawn criticism for its refusal to shut down feedgrounds where cervids gather, fostering conditions that favor disease transmission. With over 8,000 elk clustering at the National Elk Refuge, the risk of widespread outbreak is heightened.

Need for Science-Based Policies

Experts such as former officials from the US Fish and Wildlife Service emphasize the need for science-based policies and the restoration of predator populations to help control the spread of disease among cervids.

Conclusion

“What we’re witnessing is a slow epidemic unfolding over decades, with outcomes we have long predicted,” Osterholm warns. As more regions grapple with the implications of CWD, the urgency for a concerted response grows ever more critical. Public awareness and action could determine the trajectory of this unfolding crisis.

In closing, while some may dismiss CWD as merely a “zombie deer disease,” the reality poses a profound threat not only to wildlife but potentially to human health and agricultural systems. As scientists continue to raise the alarm, it's clear that without immediate action, we could be facing a public health catastrophe like no other.