The Enigma of the Mind

Is the human brain truly the most complex entity in the universe? According to researcher Hengen, while our minds are incredibly powerful, their capabilities may stem from a surprisingly simple mathematical framework.

Learning: A Brain's Greatest Asset

Hengen posits that our brains are not prewired with specific functions like reading or driving; instead, they learn and adapt based on experiences. For this to happen, the brain must achieve a unique state known as 'criticality.' Borrowed from physics, this concept represents a delicate balance between order and chaos, where the brain is optimally primed to absorb new information.

A Revolutionary Theory

In a groundbreaking study published in the journal Neuron, Hengen introduced criticality as a unifying theory of brain function and disease, co-authored with physicist Woodrow Shew. This collaboration blends biology and physics, illustrating that systems at criticality—like a sand pile just before an avalanche—exhibit similar behaviors regardless of their scale.

The Criticality Connection

Criticality is not just a theoretical construct; it's measurable using advanced techniques like fMRI brain imaging. Hengen highlights that achieving criticality is essential for cognitive processes. As the brain drifts away from this optimal state, it struggles to adapt, much like an engine that requires increasing amounts of fuel as it deteriorates.

A New Lens on Alzheimer's and Neurological Diseases

This framework reshapes our understanding of diseases like Alzheimer's. Instead of merely targeting damaged regions, Hengen argues that Alzheimer's disrupts the brain's capacity to maintain criticality. This gradual decline explains why patients may appear symptom-free until significant neuron loss occurs. Current assessments often miss these initial stages, as the brain employs compensatory strategies that mask early problems.

Exciting Diagnostic Breakthroughs Ahead

Hengen's findings suggest that identifying criticality breakdowns through fMRI could lead to earlier interventions for those at risk of neurological diseases. With advancements in blood testing, it may soon be possible to detect vulnerabilities long before symptoms arise.

Criticality and Cognitive Development

In an intriguing study with researcher Deanna Barch, Hengen is exploring how criticality at birth can influence a child's future cognitive abilities. They propose that children born nearer to criticality are more likely to excel in learning, although various external factors also play a role.

The Sleep-Brain Connection

In early 2024, Hengen and co-author Ralf Wessel revisited an age-old question: Why do we need sleep? Their research indicates that sleep restores criticality, acting as a reset button for the brain. This insight opens doors for potential therapies targeting Alzheimer's and similar conditions, as prior studies suggest that inadequate sleep significantly increases the risk of these diseases.

Harnessing the Power of Sleep

Hengen proposes that intentional sleep-based therapies could rejuvenate criticality, thereby enhancing learning and memory for those suffering from cognitive impairments. Animal studies indicate that even mice with Alzheimer’s symptoms become quicker learners after targeted sleep interventions.

A Promising Future for Brain Research

As Hengen continues to unravel the complex features of human neurobiology through the lens of criticality, he envisions a future where understanding this concept could unlock hidden talents or creative abilities in individuals. He hopes to ignite discussions among experts and the public alike, emphasizing the potential impact of this research.

The Community of Innovation

Hengen believes that the collaborative environment at WashU—home to experts from various fields—has been instrumental in developing this innovative perspective on the brain. With continued exploration and dialogue, this unified theory of mind may one day revolutionize not only brain research but the world at large.