A Forgotten Diagnosis Makes Headlines

In a groundbreaking announcement at the World Congress of Diabetes 2025 in Bangkok, a lesser-known form of diabetes, now officially dubbed 'Type 5 diabetes', is capturing global attention once again. Prof. Peter Schwarz, President of the International Diabetes Federation, unveiled this newly recognized condition, sparking interest from a global task force intent on investigating its origins and impact.

What is Type 5 Diabetes?

Type 5 diabetes typically affects underweight individuals with no family history of diabetes, presenting symptoms that don't align neatly with the more commonly known Types 1 and 2. According to Dr. Nihal Thomas from Christian Medical College, Vellore, this condition was first noted in the 1960s among undernourished populations in India, Pakistan, and sub-Saharan Africa. Initially labeled 'J type diabetes' from its origins in Jamaica, it was classified by the World Health Organization in 1985 but controversially excluded in 1998 due to insufficient physiological evidence.

Recent Research Validates Type 5 as Distinct

Recent studies, particularly research conducted by Dr. Thomas and Dr. Riddhi Dasgupta in collaboration with Prof. Meredith Hawkins at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, have clarified that Type 5 diabetes is indeed distinct from both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. While Type 5 patients are insulin deficient, they are not resistant to insulin—a stark contrast to Type 2. Generally, these individuals also show a very low Body Mass Index (BMI) of less than 18.5 kg/m².

The Connection with Nutrition and Development

Intriguingly, research indicates that low birth weight infants who receive inadequate nutrition postnatally may be more susceptible to developing Type 5 diabetes, in contrast to those who are slightly overfed and more likely to face Type 2. Additionally, roughly half of Type 5 patients can manage their condition through oral medications instead of insulin, crucial for regions with limited healthcare resources.

A Growing Recognition

The implications of Type 5 diabetes are vast, with estimates suggesting there could be 25 to 30 million cases worldwide. Although it has been overshadowed by Types 1 and 2, the recent publications in prominent journals like Diabetes Care and Scientific American highlight its significance. Dr. Thomas urges the medical community to differentiate Type 5 from related conditions such as MODY-5, emphasizing its unique characteristics.

The Fight Against Diabetic Misconceptions

As Type 5 diabetes continues to shed its former obscurity, awareness and understanding are crucial in combating misconceptions surrounding diabetes. This newfound focus not only offers hope for effective treatments but also enhances our comprehension of the diverse manifestations of diabetes, potentially improving care for millions at risk.