In recent years, skepticism surrounding the safety of childhood vaccines has gained traction, spurred on by some public figures and a growing number of parents opting out of recommended immunizations for their kids. While discussions often center on the potential side effects of vaccines, we rarely reflect on the life-threatening diseases they help to eliminate.

The United States has effectively curtailed many diseases through vaccination campaigns implemented over the last several decades. For most of us, the harsh realities of these illnesses are distant memories, but it’s vital to educate ourselves about the threats vaccines counteract. Here’s a closer look at six diseases that once plagued childhood and the crucial role vaccines play in preventing them.

1. Measles

Measles is a highly contagious viral infection that can spread through tiny droplets in the air. Statistically, 90% of people in close contact with an infected individual who are unvaccinated will also contract the disease. Before the measles vaccine was introduced in 1963, nearly every child experienced measles by age 15, resulting in significant hospitalizations and fatalities. While the MMR vaccine today boasts about 97% effectiveness, recent declines in vaccination rates—below the 95% threshold needed—are raising alarm bells. As of 2024, 16 outbreaks have been reported, compared to just four in 2023, showcasing the very real risk of outbreaks in communities with low vaccination coverage.

2. Diphtheria

Diphtheria, a bacterial infection that can create a thick membrane in the throat, obstructing airways, was once a leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality. Modern immunizations have dramatically reduced cases, from over 100,000 in the 1920s to less than one annually today in the U.S. The DTaP vaccine for young children and Tdap boosters for older age groups have made this disease what some historians now deem a "forgotten scourge."

3. Tetanus

Tetanus is caused by bacteria found in soil and manure, and it presents terrifying symptoms, including severe muscle spasms and rigidity. The introduction of tetanus vaccines in the 1940s significantly lowered infection rates from over 500 annually to under 50 cases per year since 2000. Nevertheless, tetanus remains a threat, especially for those who are unvaccinated or do not receive booster shots.

4. Mumps

Mumps might be less discussed today, but it can have severe complications such as orchitis, oophoritis, and even meningitis. The vaccine for mumps, introduced in 1967, led to a dramatic decline in cases. However, outbreaks still occur, with annual infections exceeding 1,000 in some years since 2006.

5. Rubella

Rubella is often called the "German measles," and while it’s typically mild for children, it can have dire consequences for pregnant women, potentially leading to serious birth defects. Vaccination efforts have been so successful that rubella was declared eliminated in the U.S. in 2004, although cases can still emerge from imported infections.

6. Polio

Once a terrifying reality for parents in the 1950s, polio caused widespread fear of paralysis and death. Thanks to the polio vaccine introduced in the 1950s, cases decreased dramatically, with only a handful reported each year. However, polio is still prevalent in parts of the world, reminding us of the global responsibility we have in vaccination efforts.

While the initial discussion surrounding vaccines often concerns their alleged risks, it is crucial to remember the deadly diseases they effectively control. As we face renewed threats from these pathogens due to falling vaccination rates, we need to remain vigilant and committed to protecting the health of our communities. After all, the success of vaccines lies in their ability to prevent the resurgence of these childhood scourges—illnesses that can be devastating in ways we must not forget.