As the winter season approaches, a host of viruses are making headlines with their strongest outbreaks in years. Among them is a lesser-known virus, human metapneumovirus (HMPV), which is currently surging in northern China, raising questions and concerns globally.

Despite the rising numbers, health officials are urging calm, noting that HMPV is typically a mild illness and has been part of the viral landscape for decades, even if it’s unfamiliar to many people. Chinese foreign ministry spokesperson Mao Ning reassured the public, stating, “Respiratory infections tend to peak during the winter season. The diseases appear to be less severe and spread with a smaller scale compared to the previous year.”

Understanding HMPV

Human metapneumovirus is part of the same viral family as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and is known to trigger cold and flu-like symptoms. It accounts for approximately 10% to 12% of respiratory infections in children, according to the Cleveland Clinic. Symptoms of HMPV can include cough, fever, runny nose, wheezing, sore throat, shortness of breath, and in some cases, rash.

Fortunately, most individuals experience mild symptoms that resolve within a week. However, vulnerable populations — including the elderly, young children, and those with compromised immune systems — are at a higher risk for more severe complications, such as bronchitis or pneumonia.

While no vaccine or specific medication exists for HMPV, supportive care like oxygen therapy and intravenous fluids may be administered in hospital settings for severe cases.

Transmission and Prevention

HMPV spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes, as well as through contact with contaminated surfaces. Preventative measures include frequent hand washing, using your elbow to cover coughs and sneezes, and avoiding close contact with individuals exhibiting cold symptoms. Additionally, refraining from sharing personal items, such as utensils or cups, is also advisable.

HMPV in the United States

Since its discovery in 2001, HMPV has emerged globally, showing a tendency to spread more rapidly during colder months. In recent spring, there were alerts from Chinese health officials regarding cases identified in the U.S. Currently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that HMPV cases in the U.S. began to rise at the end of November 2023, with 1.94% of tests returning positive, up from an annual low of just 0.25% in mid-September.

Should We Be Alarmed?

Experts have generally downplayed the potential for HMPV to cause widespread panic reminiscent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Dr. Jacqueline Stephens, a senior lecturer in public health at Flinders University, emphasized that non-notifiable diseases like HMPV are common and typically result in mild illness. She noted that due to heightened awareness following the pandemic, people may be more anxious about outbreaks.

As we face HMPV and other respiratory illnesses this winter, maintaining good hygiene practices remains essential, especially for those at greater risk. By doing so, we can effectively protect ourselves and each other as we navigate this seasonal spike in viral infections.

Stay informed and stay safe!